Salute to Alex Linares!

Great Cities Institute (GCI) staff member Alex Linares is transitioning GCI to work for IFF, a community development financial institution. Alex Linares’ last day with the Great Cities Institute was on January 16th. We wish him well as he embarks on his next career move.

Alex Linares has been a key team member of GCI’s Participatory Budgeting (PB) work in Chicago. Initially starting with PB in Schools, he then went on to collaborate with the 1st, 30th, 35th, 36th, and 39th wards in providing technical assistance during each phase of PB. He implemented trainings for volunteers, assisted ward subcommittees during proposal development, and set-up the online voting for wards via the PB Platform.

He was also a project member for GCI’s Latino Research Initiative. Some of the projects and reports on which he worked for the Latino Research Initiative include Who Lives in Pilsen: The Trajectory of Gentrification 2000-2020, the Western Suburban Latino Communities Microsite, the Latinos in the Suburbs: Challenges and Opportunities report produced with the Latino Policy Forum and Metropolitan Planning Council, and the 2024 Raíces Conference Report for the Illinois Legislative Latino Caucus (ILLCF). Last year, Alex also presented at the Illinois Welcoming Center Learning Symposium, the Unidos US conference, the Raíces Conference for ILLCF, and the Latino Research Initiative Launch at GCI.

Along with PB and the Latino Research Initiative, Alex has collaborated on various reports for GCI partners including Policy Recommendations for Amendments to the State of Illinois Worker Cooperative Statute, the North Lawndale Service Area Databook and Making it Count: Documenting and Building the Civic Infrastructure for the Illinois 2020 Census Program.

Alex was central to GCI’s work with several universities across the country on the role of community engagement in student success and was a co-author of the “Effects of Service-Learning and Community Engagement Programs on the Academic Outcomes of Undergraduate Students: A Focus on Underrepresented Students,” which was published in Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement in September 2023.

Alex would like to thank all the project partners from PB to the Latino Research Initiative and more as he worked together with partners and GCI staff to implement GCI’s mission to link academic resources to address urban issues via research, policy analysis, and program development. We have a great deal of respect for Alex and will miss him. If you need to reach Alex, he can be emailed at alex.linares@gmail.com.

Our Beloved John Hagedorn Has Joined the Angels.

On Tuesday morning, October 31^st, John Hagedorn died peacefully in his home with his family at his side. We deeply mourn the loss of our dear friend and colleague. John had a long-time affiliation with the Great Cities Institute and in 2016 was given the official title of James J. Stukel Senior Faculty Fellow. He was also Professor Emeritus from the Department of Criminology, Law, and Justice. We offer our deepest condolences to his wife, Mary, and to his family.

As many of you know, over the life of his career, he conducted many research projects and published multiple books on the topic of gangs. One of his classics was People and Folks Gangs, Crime, and the Underclass in a Rustbelt City. His most recent book was Gangs on Trial: Challenging Stereotypes and Dehumanization in the Courts. John left a legacy at so many levels, including the many students that adored him.

On the afternoon of April 1, 2024, at Student Center East at UIC (750 S. Halsted) we will be hosting, with the family, an event honoring John and his work. We will feature many of his colleagues as well as former students who themselves have gone on to do incredible work in multiple arenas.

John had great love for his own mentor. On March 11, 2016, thanks to John’s initiative, we held an all-day symposium on Latino Gang Research featuring students of Joan Moore, of which John was one, as was Diego Vigil, Avelardo Valdez, Robert Duran, and Alice Cepeda. Great discussion of the influence of Joan Moore on the type of participatory/collaborative research that they did; on the findings of their research, and the policy implications. Worth the watch.

In 2017, through John’s leadership, we held a meeting to discuss the structure of African American gangs in Chicago. We addressed: How gangs changed in the 21st century and why; How the fracturing of gangs and other changes in gang structure affect today’s patterns of violence; How gang structures and motives for violence differ by neighborhood; and What do these changes mean for public policy and violence intervention. This led to a GCI report authored by John, Robert Aspholm, Lance Williams, Andy Papachristos, and Teresa Córdova, that we titled, The Fracturing of Gangs and Violence in Chicago:  A Research-Based Reorientation of Violence Prevention and Intervention Policy. The report reached policy makers and media and helped reshape the discourse on gangs in Chicago.

In March of last year, we hosted an event on John’s newly released book, Gangs on Trial. You can see some great photos of John. You can also view the video recording of this event.

Below is a reproduction of a March 8, 2022, blog that we wrote in anticipation of that event. Contained in the blog, is something that John wrote for the North Philly Notes.

Gangs on Trial: A Conversation with John Hagedorn

March 8, 2022

Congratulations to the remarkable John Hagedorn for the release of his latest book, Gangs on Trial: Challenging Stereotypes and Demonization in the Courts.

John Hagedorn, Ph.D. is a James J. Stukel Fellow with the Great Cities Institute and Professor Emeritus of Criminology, Law, and Justice at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Hagedorn’s first book, People & Folks, Gangs, Crime, and the Underclass in a Rustbelt City, argued for more jobs than jails and applied William Julius Wilson’s underclass theory to gangs. He was the architect of a neighborhood-based, family centered social service reform in Milwaukee that became the subject of his dissertation, published as Forsaking Our Children. He was editor (with Meda Chesney-Lind), of Female Gangs in America: Essays on Girls, Gangs, and Gender, the only edited volume ever published in the U.S. on female gangs.

His interest in Chicago gangs led him to become immersed in the history of the Vice Lords and the importance of race. His global travels further informed his understanding of gangs, which led him to edit the volume Gangs in the Global City based on an international conference at the Great Cities Institute. He was Principal Investigator of a Harry F. Guggenheim study at the Great Cities Institute of why Chicago’s homicide rate did not decline like New York City’s. He argued in 2007 that the decision to not invest in public housing but demolish it was a major correlate of high rates of violence. In A World of Gangs, he applied Manuel Castells’ work in analyzing gangs, arguing that understanding the cultural struggle for identity was crucial in working with gangs.  His 2015 book, The In$ane Chicago Way: The Daring Plan by Chicago Gangs to Create a Spanish Mafia, looks historically at gangs, organized crime, and corruption in Chicago.

We are very excited that we can host our great friend on Thursday, March 17th at 12:00 noon at UIC’s Student Center East in room 302. The Department of Criminology, Law and Justice at UIC is our co-host for this event. RSVP and let us know if you will attend in person or via zoom.

On February 9th, North Philly Notes published a blog from Professor Hagedorn reflecting on his book. This will give you a taste of what you will hear when you join us on March 17th.

I have spent more time in courtrooms the last few decades than I have on street corners or playgrounds. Over the same period, I have written many more court reports as an expert witness than I have journal articles as an academic. Why? Turning my attention to “gangs in court” was a conscious choice based on some fundamental beliefs I have on the uses of research and on my determination to challenge injustice.

First, the question raised by sociologist Alfred McClung Lee, “Sociology for whom?” has long streamed through my head on a continuous loop. Lee’s 1976 presidential address to the American Sociological Association attacked careerism in sociology. My mentor, Joan Moore, as well as my role model, Kenneth Clark, both argued that research should consciously benefit the community, or it would be used by elites for their own interests. Clark’s haunting question, “What is the value of a soulless truth?” became my credo, accompanying my slogan, “Research – not stereotypes.” From my first study on gangs in Milwaukee, I was conscious of the implications of my research. In the 1980s I told my People & Folks respondents—the “top dogs” of gangs in Milwaukee—that the purpose of my research was to provide evidence that “jobs – not jails” was a better solution to Milwaukee’s gang problem.

In other words, I believe research needs to be understood outside of “truth for its own sake,” and deliberately designed to benefit those in powerless communities, especially those who are stigmatized and demonized. If social scientists will not defend the powerless, what values do we have? Did we understand sociologist C. Wright Mills when he called on social scientists to challenge the rationalization of society?  

Second, I realized frustration/aggression theories of violence are not only applicable to the streets. Just go to any trial of a gang member and listen to the angry tone of the prosecutor saying the community is “fed up” with gang violence and wants… well, prosecutors often say “justice” when they mean “revenge.”

Social psychologist Craig Haney teaches us that sentencing is not based so much on the criminal acts of flawed human beings, but on the belief the accused has an evil character— “unstoppable evil” was what one of my defendants was called. Evidence of the criminal act is secondary to what prosecutors believe is the less than human nature of the accused. Demonization was taken literally in one of my first cases, when the defendants were labeled “Followers of Our Lord King Satan”, a law enforcement make-believe acronym for Georgia’s FOLKS gang.

Violence is hard, sociologist Randall Collins concluded, and in order to justify it and overcome our deeply embedded inhibitions. Philosopher David Livingston Smith argues the victim needs first to be dehumanized. On the streets rival gang members are called “Slobs” or “Crabs” or some other non-human appellation. You are killing an “it” not a “he” or “she.” I found that is precisely how it works in the courtroom, with a predictable racist tinge. Gang members, typically Black or Hispanic, are dehumanized—another of my defendants was called a “mad dog.” What do you do with a mad dog? If you can’t kill it, you lock it up and throw away the key. What better description is there of today’s sentencing policy? 

I began my expert witness work in 1996 opposing a possible death penalty for Keith Harbin, who was then on trial. At that time, there were few academics willing to consult with the defense, and hesitant to risk the ire of law enforcement. There clearly was an unmet need. From the start, I saw my expert witness work as an extension of my social responsibility to confront racism and dehumanizing policies and practices.

So, it is as simple as that. My “life in court”—and this book—are the results of my particular circumstances, the general punitive nature of today’s mass incarceration society, and my belief in the social responsibility of research.

We will miss John beyond words. But we will never forget him.

May he rest in peace.